Abstract

VITAMIN B12 REQUIREMENTS AND DAILY DIETARY PLANNING FOR SOUTH INDIAN VEGETARIAN ADULTS

Dr. C Rama Raju, V. Venkatesh, Dr. M. Ravinder*

Abstract

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential water-soluble micronutrient required for DNA synthesis, red blood cell formation, neurological function, energy metabolism, and maintenance of cardiovascular health. Unlike most vitamins, vitamin B12 is synthesized exclusively by certain bacteria and archaea and is naturally found primarily in foods of animal origin. Consequently, vegetarians are particularly vulnerable to vitamin B12 deficiency. India has one of the world’s largest vegetarian populations, making vitamin B12 deficiency a significant public health concern. Numerous studies have reported widespread deficiency among Indian adults, especially among vegetarians, pregnant women, elderly individuals, and economically disadvantaged populations. Deficiency may lead to megaloblastic anemia, neurological disorders, cognitive impairment, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and elevated homocysteine levels associated with cardiovascular disease. The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN) recommend daily vitamin B12 intake of approximately 2.4 μg for healthy adults. This review examines the physiological functions of vitamin B12, recommended dietary allowances, prevalence and consequences of deficiency, challenges faced by vegetarian populations, and practical dietary strategies for South Indian vegetarian adults. Special emphasis is placed on dairy products, fortified foods, and culturally acceptable dietary plans capable of meeting daily vitamin B12 requirements. The review highlights the need for increased awareness, nutritional screening, food fortification, and evidence-based dietary planning to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency and improve long-term health outcomes among South Indian vegetarian populations.

Keywords: Vitamin B12, Cobalamin, Vegetarian Diet, South Indian Diet, Nutritional Deficiency, ICMR-NIN Guidelines.