Abstract

IMMUNOMODULATION AND CLINICAL BIOMARKERS: A REVIEW

Ahmed Farhan Shallal*

Abstract

Immune modulation is a fast growing area that includes the modulation of host immune response by biological agents, nutritional intervention, and pharmaceutical substances. This exhaustive analysis integrates progress in various associated fields including immunology, microbiology, haematology and clinical biochemistry, based on a body of research undertaken mostly in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and international colleagues. Immunomodulatory effects of mushrooms (Ganoderma lucidum) and cultivated edible species on natural killer (NK) cells and broader immune pathways; the role of vitamins B6 and C and certain minerals in boosting immune function and lowering the risk of obesity; antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative pathogens; advancements in viral diagnostics; host immune responses to pathogenic fungi; the impact of lifestyle, nutrition, and chronic disease on inflammatory and biochemical biomarkers; prevalence studies of COVID- 19 and anaemia; and molecular-genetic techniques in clinical diagnosis. Collectively, these discoveries provide a multi-dimensional view of immunological health and illness, with implications for pharmaceutical development, public health and precision medicine.

Keywords: Immune modulation, Biological agents, Mushrooms, Antibiotic resistance, ESBL, Renal failure.