Abstract

A REVIEW ON "ONCOLOGY"

Shikha Mishra*, Axita Pamar, Pooja Patel and Dr. Umesh Upadhyay

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Abstract

Cancer is a cellular illness.[83] When it comes to finding effective anticancer drugs, this seemingly straightforward statement hides a great deal of complexity. Traditional target- directed techniques are challenged with the importance of the target's activity in healthy cells, which is one of the major concerns in anticancer research. Targeting proteins with critical functions will almost certainly result in chemical entities with limited therapeutic windows and considerable toxicity. Another obstacle is cancer cells' unstable epigenetic and genetic status, which is characterised by numerous mutations, gene copy changes, and chromosomal abnormalities, all of which have a direct impact on anticancer drug efficacy at various phases of the disease.[84] Cancer is a hereditary disorder characterised by aberrant cell development and the spread of cancer to other body parts as a result of genetic or epigenetic abnormalities in somatic cells. In 2018, 18 million cancer cases were reported worldwide, including 9.5 million cancer cases in men, 8.5 million cancer cases in women, and 9.6 deaths. Prostate, breast, lung, stomach, colorectal cancer, and non-melanoma skin malignancies are the most common cancers in the world, although humans are affected by over 100 other types of cancer. On a daily basis, the impact of cancer grows considerably. Tobacco is responsible for 22% of cancer cases, whereas infections such as HIV and Epstein-Barr virus are responsible for 15% of cancer cases. Poor diet, obesity, excessive alcohol intake, ionising radiation exposure, and other factors contribute to hepatitis B, Epstein Barr, and 10% of cases. We hope to shed light on numerous cancercausing causes, types of cancer, how cancer begins, signs and symptoms of cancer, diagnostic tests, cancer treatments, and complications associated to cancer treatments in this review article. Precision medicine is currently undergoing a lot of research in order to improve cancer therapies in the future. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, surgery, hormone therapy, and combinations of these therapies are the most prevalent treatments offered to patients. Stem cell transplantation is also the greatest cancer treatment, but it comes with a hefty price tag. However, it is given after other treatments to assist the patient recover from blood loss and become healthy.

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