Abstract

BIOGENIC SOURCES OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USED IN ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS

*Dev M. Solanki, Yash S. Suryawanshi and Prof. Dhanashri Kathole

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Abstract

Diabetes, characterized by elevated blood glucose levels (BGL), is a prevalent complication of evolving human lifestyles and is generally associated with dietary habits, age, and genetics. Individuals with diabetes face an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, kidney issues, neurological disorders, and hypertension, as reported by the US Department of Health and Human Services.[1] The most common types of diabetes are Type I, Type II (diabetes mellitus), and gestational diabetes affecting pregnant women. Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) garners significant attention since it impacts a substantial portion of the global population due to insulin resistance in adipose tissue, muscles, and the liver, resulting from decreased insulin production by pancreatic β- cells.[2] Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, also known as Insulin Independent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), is a multifactorial, chronic condition associated with high rates of comorbidity worldwide.[3] T2DM involves the failure of pancreatic β cells, leading to insulin deficiency and resistance in the liver, skeletal muscles, and adipose tissues, ultimately causing metabolic disruption and failure.[4] Blood glucose levels are primarily regulated by the pancreas, which releases enzymes in response to signals. Currently, approximately 422 million people have diabetes, contributing to 1.6 million deaths in 2016, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), making diabetes the 7th leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. It is anticipated that the number of diabetic patients worldwide will increase to 640 million by 2040.[5] In recent times, nanomedicine has emerged as a potential therapy for diabetes. Researchers are developing various anti-diabetic agents for diabetes treatment, though some are limited by their suboptimal pharmacokinetic properties. Common symptoms associated with diabetes include frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, increased hunger, fatigue, blurred vision, slow wound healing, numbness and tingling (neuropathy), recurrent infections, and skin issues such as dryness and itching.

Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), Insulin resistance, Nanomedicine, World Health Organization (WHO), Blood glucose levels, Genetics, Insulin production, Pharmacokinetic properties.