Abstract

STROKE: EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS - A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Aravinth M.*, Praveenkumar M., Vignesh S., Anandhasivam T. and Vinothini A.

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Abstract

Stroke, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, resulting from the sudden disruption of cerebral blood flow. It can be classified into ischemic strokes, caused by arterial blockage, and hemorrhagic strokes, resulting from vessel rupture and bleeding. This article explores the underlying pathological mechanisms, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and blood-brain barrier disruption, and highlights the histopathological differences between ischemic and hemorrhagic types. The global burden of stroke is rising, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, with significant age, gender, and geographic disparities. Major risk factors include both modifiable (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity) and non-modifiable (e.g., age, sex, genetic predisposition) elements. Timely diagnosis and intervention—such as thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, or surgical management—are critical in improving outcomes. Rehabilitation and preventive strategies focused on risk factor management are essential for reducing recurrence and improving quality of life. Continued research and public health initiatives are vital to mitigate the global impact of stroke.

Keywords: Stroke, Blood-Brain Barrier, Hemorrhagic Stroke, Ischemic Stroke, Thrombolysis.