Abstract

POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES IN CANCER THERAPY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, MECHANISMS, AND CLINICAL TRANSLATION

*Mr. Abhay Mane, Mr. Kunal Dolas, Ms. Sakshi Dalvi, Mr. Magan Choudhary, Prof. G. K. Brahma

Abstract

Cancer treatment is still hindered by systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, and inadequate specificity for tumors. Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) have gained recognition as sophisticated drug delivery systems that can overcome these issues due to their biodegradability, compatibility with biological systems, and capability to encapsulate various therapeutic agents. Their nanoscale size allows for passive targeting through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, while attaching ligands such as folate, transferrin, and antibodies enables active targeting specific to tumors. This review discusses the main categories of polymeric carriers, including poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), cyclodextrins, and smart polymers that respond to pH, redox, or enzymatic changes. These systems facilitate controlled drug release, shield drugs from early degradation, and increase their concentration at tumor locations. Their applications encompass chemotherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. and theragnostic strategies that combine therapy with imaging. Although there is substantial preclinical evidence, the clinical application of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) is still limited by challenges such as large-scale production, variations in tumor microenvironments, and regulatory hurdles. Nevertheless, advancements in polymer design, biomimetic functionalization, and the integration of artificial intelligence provide hope for addressing these issues. In summary, polymeric nanoparticles represent a groundbreaking approach in precision oncology, facilitating safer, more efficient, and personalized cancer treatment.

Keywords: Polymeric nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery, cancer therapy, PLGA, smart polymers, clinical application.