Abstract

PUNICA GRANATUM FLOWER AND HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA CALYX: A NARRATIVE REVIEW OF PHYTOCHEMISTRY, ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS, AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL

Amina El-Shaibany*, Maged Alwan Noman, Mahmoud Mahyoob Alburyhi, Abdalwali Ahmed Saif, Naseem Hamed Al-Omari, Arafat Mohammed Al-Daghar, Aseel Abdullah Al-Aqlan, Ali Mohammed Aiash, Muqbil Ahmed Al-Sharafi and Ahmed Hussein Al-shami

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance between free radical production and antioxidant defense mechanisms, underlies the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases including cardiovascular disorders, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative conditions. The global burden of these diseases continues to rise, driving demand for safe, effective natural antioxidants. Objective: This narrative review aims to synthesize and critically evaluate the available literature from 2010 to 2025 on the phytochemical composition, antioxidant mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of Punica granatum (pomegranate) flower and Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) calyx. Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and regional databases using keywords including "Punica granatum flower," "pomegranate flower," "Hibiscus sabdariffa," "roselle," "antioxidant," "oxidative stress," "Nrf2," "polyphenols," "ellagitannins," and "anthocyanins." Studies published between 2010 and 2025 reporting phytochemical characterization, in vitro antioxidant assays, in vivo antioxidant effects, and relevant pharmacological activities were included. Key data were extracted and synthesized thematically.

Keywords: Punica granatum, pomegranate flower, Hibiscus sabdariffa, roselle, antioxidant, oxidative stress, Nrf2 pathway, ellagitannins, anthocyanins.